PSG has now won the prestigious trophy on fourteen separate times.
The Parisian giants required a dramatic leveler followed by a perfect spot-kick decider to get past Marseille in the Gulf and capture a fourth straight French Super Cup title.
The European champions appeared to be sailing towards a straightforward triumph in the showdown featuring the Ligue 1 winners and the Coupe de France holders after Ousmane Dembele found the scoring early on.
Yet, Marseille fired twice late to take a shock lead. First, the English forward scored from the spot-kick, before Willian Pacho unfortunately turned the ball into his own net for an own-goal.
In a remarkable twist of fortune, Goncalo Ramos grabbed a crucial leveler in the final seconds to send the match into a deciding shootout. PSG goalkeeper Chevalier then emerged as the hero, saving crucial kicks from O'Riley and Traore.
In the shootout, Ramos, Vitinha, the full-back, and the young talent all converted successfully for Paris Saint-Germain to seal a convincing penalty victory.
Now 14-time winners Paris Saint-Germain, who faced last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Olympique de Marseille after achieving a league and cup double, have now lifted this trophy for the 12th time in the last 13 seasons.